Managing cultural diversity in the hospitality industry

Our condition decides our practices. Individuals embrace certain correspondence styles, dietary patterns, and various methods of dressing relying upon the sort of social direction. Images, for example, signals and non-verbal communication additionally structure some portion of the human culture. Various individuals decipher images diversely relying upon their way of life. In that capacity, individual’s lifestyle decides how one sees various thoughts. Our lifestyle decides how we adapt in another condition with new practices (D’Almeida, 2007).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Managing social assorted variety in the neighborliness business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper, will talk about methods of overseeing society decent variety in the work place. I will feature two social speculations to show issues of culturally diverse contrasts. This paper will utilize a general relative strategy and one guide to show social s tun. The US and Indian culture will be utilized in the models. Culture stun When individuals are presented to various societies, they experience culture stun. This happens particularly if people are not set up to adjust to the new culture (Hall Dowling, and Welch, 2008). People experience dissatisfactions and create unsocial conduct. This is normal because of disarray and the powerlessness to collaborate with others in the general public (Henderson, 1994). In the neighborliness business, culture stun is bound to be experienced in view of various clients. Most voyagers look for convenience in lodgings. Here, sightseers encounters culture stun; they face distinctive language, food, and way of life. Contextual analysis/model Jimmy Steve is a worker of Sagret Hotel, perhaps the best eatery in America. A year ago, the administration of Sagret Hotel opened another branch in India. Since Jimmy Steve was experienced, he was moved to India as the new supervisor of Sagret Hotel India branch. Jimmy Steve encountered the accompanying issues. In the first place, it was hard for him to comprehend both verbal and non-verbal correspondence. This is on the grounds that a few motions are deciphered contrastingly in India from the manner in which they are deciphered in the US. For example, gesturing the head in the US implies yes to an inquiry. In India, gesturing of the head can mean yes or no. Thus, thought that it was hard to give clear headings to the laborers who were Indians. The second test that Steve confronted was that, he experienced issues eating the nearby nourishments. To him, the food was not engaging. He was likewise disappointed by various practices by local people. Steve experienced altogether different custom and worth framework. He was unable to comprehend why there was separation dependent on station framework in the working environment. Steve likewise had issues with condition and cleanliness. He couldn't comprehend why individuals would prepare food close t o places with sewer in the hotel.Advertising Looking for paper on social examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The security of the inn that should oblige vacationers was faulty for him. He saw that there were homeless people around the inn, which could drive off visitors. He was astonished that in the lodging just ladies worked in the housekeeping and food offices. All servers and cooks were ladies while men filled in as clerks and directors. Steve was informed that it was no-no for men to cook since that was an occupation for ladies. Multifaceted Theory In the accommodation business, diverse issues might be experienced on the grounds that this segment gets clients from various districts. Dr. Milton Bennett contends that the more an individual experiences social contrasts, the more probable an individual will turn out to be increasingly skilled working across societies (Ward, 1999). Individuals, who become skilled i n overseeing culturally diverse issues, can have the option to alter and adjust to various situations. Bennett has given six phases of how people create intercultural skill. The initial step is the forswearing stage. At this level, people can't collaborate (Ward, 1999). For the most part, individuals will not connect and carry on forcefully. The subsequent level is the protection stage. In this stage, people consider their way of life better over the other (Ward, 1999). People for the most part scrutinize the other culture since it is â€Å"inferior.† At this stage, people will likewise shield their way of life. The third step is the minimization stage. At this stage, people accept that all societies share normal qualities (Ward, 1999). Individuals attempt to limit social contrast. The fourth level is the acknowledgment stage. At this stage, people are interested about the other culture. Despite the fact that they may reprimand the other culture, they will likewise recognize that not all societies are comparable. The following stage is the adjustment stage. At this stage, people begin adjusting the other culture. Individuals start to change correspondence style, etc. The last advance is the mix stage. At this stage, people are completely coordinated with the other culture (Ward, 1999). Individuals’ adjust a few practices from the other culture. A few people can even impart utilizing various styles (Ward, 1999). The culturally diverse hypothesis depicts what befalls individual while adjusting to another culture. A vacationer from the US visiting India would in all probability remain in a lodging. While at the inn or café, the sightseers encounters diverse issues. The individual goes over various way of life, correspondence style, and new food.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Managing social assorted variety in the friendliness business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the model introduced, obviously adjusting to another culture is a long procedure with numerous difficulties. The connection between this hypothesis and issues of social decent variety is that, the hypothesis depicts steps that such people would experience to be coordinated into another culture. In the chart the bolts speaks to the phases of improvement. Social Dimension Theory According to Cultural measurements hypothesis individuals are unique in relation to six measurements. The distinction in measurement is the thing that decides how individuals can without much of a stretch receive to remote societies. This hypothesis contends that social orders have diverse force structure. A few societies, for example, Indian culture empower a hole between individuals in high positions and subordinates. While the US culture supports equivalent force separation between pioneers or supervisors and laborers. This prompts popularity based sort of authority. In a nearby force connection, individuals interface as equivalents inde pendent of their proper positions. Individuals can have the option to give their thoughts and take an interest in choices making. The subsequent measurement is independence stanzas cooperation. This alludes to the degree of mix in the general public. The US is a case of an individualistic culture. The US culture is centered around singular accomplishment yet others, for example, India energize aggregate exertion. People need to forego their own requirements for shared objectives (Dean and Leung, 2003). As indicated by the social measurement hypothesis the third viewpoint that separates, individuals are the degree of resilience and evasion rehearsed by a general public. Resistance and evasion is a perspective utilized by the general public to mingle its individuals on methods of managing tension and new thoughts (Cornelius, 2002). The US has an elevated level of resistance due to its assorted populace contrasted with India. Then again, India has a homogenous culture. Thus, India supp orts shirking making it difficult for Indians to embrace other cultures.Advertising Searching for article on social investigations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The fourth measurement is manly refrains female. Socialization and allotment of sexual orientation jobs is distinctive relying upon the general public. The American culture advocates for fairness among people in the general public. In social orders that are manly, for example, India men decide. While in the US, ladies have the chance to settle on or impact choices. Also, in manly social orders sexual orientation jobs are inflexible there are areas that are set explicitly for people. One such society is India where it is an untouchable for men to cook and care for kids. In any case, in the US the two people share sexual orientation jobs (Warner and Joynt, 2002). The fifth social measurement is long haul sections transient direction. Social orders with momentary direction underlines on the over a wide span of time. Network individuals monitor and secure their social qualities. Transient direction doesn't permit change of thoughts. India is a case of a momentary direction society with u nbending social qualities (Warner and Joynt, 2002). While the US is a drawn out direction society, it centers around what's to come. Long haul direction social orders are open minded to various societies and empower new thoughts (Deresky, 2001). The 6th and the last social measurement is extravagance against limitation. In social orders that energize guilty pleasure, people are permitted to fulfill their necessities and wants. Such social orders urge individuals to have what they need when they need. Social orders that training limitation are increasingly preservationist and don't endure different societies. People from this kind of society don't receive new societies. Western nations practice extravagance while those in nations, for example, India practice restriction. How issues of culture stun influences work Issues of culture stun influences work from numerous points of view. As per culturally diverse hypothesis, a person who is encountering society stun won't relate well with p artners at the work place. Absence of good relationship may influence individual’s pledge to work (Hopkins, 2009). Furthermore, people encountering society stun face correspondence issues. In the work place, absence of legitimate co

Justice Process

During the previous 30 years the jail populace has changed. 1. There has been a significant Increase in the quantity of African American and Hispanic American Inmates. 2. More Inmates originate from urban regions. 3. More prisoners have been sentenced for tranquilize related and vicious offenses. 4. Previous road packs pull together inside penitentiaries and have brought levels of savagery up in numerous establishments. 5. The ascent of open representative associations have improved working conditions, wellbeing methods, and preparing. E. Current focal point of revisions has moved to wrongdoing control, which underlines the Importance of Incarceration.II. The Goals of Incarceration A. Three models of detainment have been unmistakable since the mid 1 backtalk: 1. The custodial model †in light of the presumption that detainees have been imprisoned for the insurance of society and underlines security, control, and request subjecting the detainee to the authority of the superintende nt.. This model was pervasive in amendments before World War II and rules most greatest security Institutions today. 2. The recovery model †created In the asses, It stresses treatment projects to change the wrongdoer. 3.The reintegration model †inked to the structures and objectives of network redresses, it underscores keeping up wrongdoer binds to family and network. B. Remedial establishments that fit in with every one of these models can be found, however most penitentiaries are for the most part custodial. Sick. Association for Incarceration A. Measurements 1. Detainment facilities are worked by each of the 50 states and the national government. 2. There are 1,208 imprisonment offices; 85 % are controlled by the states. 3. 84 % of the offices are for men as it were. 4. 8% are for ladies as it were. B. Government Bureau of Prisons 1.Jurisdiction of bureaucratic criminal law is confined to wrongdoings including interstate amerce, certain genuine lawful offenses, for exam ple, bank burglary, infringement of other administrative laws and violations perpetrated on bureaucratic property. 2. Since the â€Å"war on drugs† in the asses, medicate guilty parties in government detainment facilities make up about 56% of the prisoner populace. 3. Government detainees are regularly an increasingly refined variety of criminal, from a higher financial class, than the normal state detainee. 4. Government condemning rules have expanded the likelihood of detainment considerably. 5.The department of jail is profoundly brought together with a staff of more than 33,000 who manage in excess of 150,000 detainees. . The department works 104 control offices (see figure 10. 1). C. State Prison Systems - 94% of guilty parties are held in control offices worked by the state; organization of penitentiaries is a component of the official branch. 1 . The complete limit of a state's penitentiaries mirrors the size of the state's populace. 2. States fluctuate extensively in the number, size, type, and area of restorative offices. 3. More than 435,000 individuals work in state organizations. V. The Design and Classification of Prisons A. Structure follows work: the plan of a structure should fill its need. 1. During the prison time, foundations were to advance compensation. 2. At the point when jail industry turned into the center, an alternate plan improved the effectiveness of workshops. 3. At the point when discipline held influence, accentuation was on the post like structure that guarantees security. 4. During the recovery period, new penitentiaries were worked in styles thought to advance treatment objectives. B. The present plan †There are four fundamental models found in America's detainment facilities. 1.Radial Design: Eastern, Auburn, Leavenworth, Roadway, and Trenton. 2. Utility pole Design: most generally utilized for greatest security penitentiaries: Exaggerator, Marion, Somers, Jackson. 3. Patio Style: mother of the more up to date of fices are the yard style. 4. Grounds Style: since quite a while ago utilized for adolescent or ladies' offices 5. Today jail development is significantly impacted by cost. C. Area of Prisons: As previously, most are situated in country territories. 1. Despite the fact that most jail detainees originate from urban communities and reintegration has been the prime remedial objective, new organizations are as yet being worked in the open country. . Provincial whites are employed to monitor urban blacks. 3. Numerous residents accept that genuine guilty parties ought to be detainment, however not in their locale (NIMBI disorder). 4. Some monetarily discouraged regions have chosen detainment facilities to get Jobs and Pentecostal the nearby economy D. Grouping of Prisons: 1. Greatest Security Prison †shut guardianship detainment facilities hold 35% of detainees); typically a wonderful building with high stone dividers studded with monitor towers; intended to forestall get away and to dissuade detainees from hurting one another. 2.Medium Security Prison: hold 47% of detainees; remotely they look like the most extreme security jail, yet composed on an alternate premise and air is less inflexible and tense. 3. Least Security Prison: holds 18% of detainees, the least rough wrongdoers; needs tower watches and dividers. E. Private penitentiaries contestant with privately owned businesses to outfit food and clinical administrations, instructive and professional preparing and different administrations. 3. Presently, governments employ organizations to house detainee in exclusive offices. 4. By midyear 2003, an aggregate of 94,361 detainees were being held in private offices. . The private jail business is overwhelmed by the Corrections Corporation of America and Hackett Corrections Corporation. 6. Issues with private offices a. Contrasts in programming b. Costs c. Responsibility d. Lawful issues 7. Remedies is a multimillion dollar government-financed undertaking that b uys applies, materials, and administrations from the private segment. 8. Private business visionaries contend that they can fabricate and run penitentiaries in any event as adequately, securely, and others consciously as any degree of government can, at a benefit and a lower cost to citizens. 9.Private jail organizations need to dispatch their cells so as to be productive. 10. Risk of Guards?the U. S. Incomparable Court said that private jail monitors didn't have lawful assurance under Section 1983 and are completely at risk for their activities when they disregard an ensured right. 1 . There are fears that the private enterprises will press to keep up high inhabitance and will be keen on skimming off the best prisoners, leaving the inconvenient ones to the open restorative framework. V. Who is in Prison A. Information on the qualities of detainees is constrained (figure 10. ). 1. A larger part of detainees are men matured of 25-44 2. Individuals from minority bunches 3. Roughly 40 percent have not finished secondary school. 4. 44 percent of detainees are rearrested with the principal year of discharge. 5. Inside 3 years, around 25 percent of all discharged detainees will come back to jail. B. Old detainees †An expanding number of jail prisoners are more established than 55 and eve lodging, clinical, program, and discharge administration needs that vary from the In everybody, unique lodging housing normal detainee. 1. Ought to be made. 2.The older are bound to create ceaseless sicknesses, for example, coronary illness, stroke, and malignant growth. 3. Jail work assignments must be custom fitted to accommodate their physical and mental capacities. 4. Groundwork for discharge to network oversight or to hospice administrations require time and unique endeavors. 5. As individuals get more seasoned they become less hazardous. C. Detainees with HIVE/AIDS: In the coming years, AIDS in expected to be the main source of death among guys matured 35 and more youthfu l; with 57% of the prisoners populace under 35, restorative authorities must adapt to the issue of HIVE. . In 2001, there were in excess of 24,000 HIVE-positive detainees (3. 2 percent of the jail populace). 2. The high pace of disease among detainees can be clarified by the detainees' â€Å"high risk† practices. 3. Just 18 states test every single new detainee for HIVE. D. Intellectually Ill Prisoners: Mass closings of open emergency clinics for the intellectually not well started in the asses; new antispasmodic drugs made treating patients in the network appear retirement possibly works if the medications are taken and centers and asylums exist to help the intellectually sick. . Vagrancy is the most open indication of the absence of projects for the intellectually sick. 3. With the development of detainment facilities and more prominent accentuation on open request offenses, capture and imprisonment have become the cost many compensation for their ailment. E. Long haul Inma tes †more detainees carry out long punishments in the US than in some other Western country. 1. Unforgiving condemning strategies of the last 30 years?three-strikes, required essentials, truth-in-sentencing?the measure of time loved is expanding. 2.An assessed 11-15% all things considered (well more than 100,000) will serve over 7 years in jail. 3. Long haul detainees for the most part are not seen as control issues. 4. Chairmen must discover methods of making long haul jail life decent. 5. 310,000 detainees are as of now carrying out in any event multi year punishments. 6. Every lifelong incarceration costs citizens an expected $1 million. 7. Extreme despondency, sentiments of misery, and other medical issues are normal among long wavers. 8. Long haul prisoners are accused of less disciplinary infractions that momentary detainees.

A View From the Class Yulia Belyakova and Nadia Ramirez COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A View From the Class Yulia Belyakova and Nadia Ramirez COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Office of Alumni and Development is pleased to share another installment of A View from the Class, a SIPA stories series, featuring current SIPA students, recently graduated alumni, and SIPA faculty. In this months issue, we feature current SIPA students, Yulia Belyakova MPA ’18, and Nadia Ramirez MPA 18. Here, both discuss why they chose their particular areas of study, internship and capstone experiences, and the importance of fellowship. Yulia Belyakova, MPA 18, Economic and Political Development concentration, Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis specialization What did you do before attending SIPA? Originally from Moscow, Russia, I studied Economics and French at Bryn Mawr College in  Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. During my undergraduate career, I held internships in the Indian equivalent of the Silicon Valley and a financial advisory firm serving public institutions in the U.S., which piqued my interest in emerging markets and public finance. After graduating from Bryn Mawr, I spent three years in a leading economic consulting firm in Washington, D.C., where I worked on complex commercial litigations issues in intellectual property, trade, and finance, with client engagements ranging from the DOJ and the ITC to Google. As an analyst, I was challenged with finding the most precise ways to deduce the economic value of things that are difficult to value, a perspective that I intended to bring to the international development space. Why did you choose SIPA? SIPA has been on my radar since I started looking at policy schools. What really differentiated SIPA for me were the experiences of alumni  I spoke with while researching schools: I knew several Bryn Mawr women who graduated or were attending SIPA, including my best friend who is now heading a government-led nutrition fortification program in India. I also engaged with a few alumni  in D.C. (and there are many!) who were very accessible and clearly enjoyed reminiscing on their time at SIPA. I also received a generous fellowship offer that was not matched by any other school, which will allow me to consider interesting positions without a debt-imposed salary requirement post-graduation. Finally, I knew I wanted to either come back to D.C. or work internationally after graduation, so spending a couple of years in New York was a bonus. Why did you choose your particular areas of study? After a stint in economic consulting which is a fascinating but very U.S.-focused industry, I pivoted into development and international work. The EPD concentration allows me to build credibility as a development professional by complementing the skills I developed during my time in consulting. Additionally, I am interested in evidence-based approaches to development, and I have loaded up on quantitative analysis courses that are part of the APEA concentration. Tell us about your summer internship experience. I spent 12 weeks in Uganda this past summer working on a financial inclusion evaluation. During my internship at Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), I made a small contribution to the currently limited volume of evidence on the welfare impacts of financial inclusion â€" specifically, mobile money products that facilitate domestic peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers. I analyzed data from an extensive panel survey in Uganda and Tanzania to better understand the complex financial lives of the poor and determine how access to mobile money changes the way households respond to situations requiring additional financing. The households that experienced negative income shocks benefitted greatly from domestic transfers and were able to bridge the financing gap without cutting back on meals or taking children out of school. In addition to research design and analysis, I learned a lot about project management and the challenges of implementation in the field. I am looking forward to my Capstone expe rience this spring which, I hope, will take me back to Sub Saharan Africa. Is there a particular SIPA experience that stands out? Taking classes with experienced practitioners has been the highlight of my time at SIPA so far. Last year, I took a class on microfinance, co-taught by two highly accomplished women with years of experience in banking, foundations, and microfinance institutions. Their professional expertise combined with perspectives of other students in the class â€" fellow development practitioners â€" was truly eye-opening. I learned a lot and was able to leverage this knowledge in my summer internship search. What are your plans after SIPA? I hope to enter the impact evaluation field and assist NGOs and governments in maximizing their impact through implementation of cutting-edge evaluation programs. I am looking at positions in multilateral institutions, impact evaluation consulting firms, and policy research organizations â€" both in the U.S. and internationally. At present, I am interested in working either in or with West Africa. Nadia Ramirez, MPA 18, International Security Policy concentration, Latin America and International Conflict Resolution specializations What did you do prior to attending SIPA? I studied international relations as an undergraduate at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida and studied abroad in 2011 in China at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. After graduating in 2013, I spent one year in Colombia (my country of birth) and then two years on a Fulbright in South Korea, teaching English at an all-girls high school in Busan and coordinating Fulbright’s volunteer program for North Korean defectors in the city. Why did you choose SIPA? Before starting my Fulbright, I thought about going to law school, but once in South Korea and through my work with North Korean defectors, I realized that what I actually wanted to do was work in diplomacy. I had considered the idea before, but after coming in contact with Foreign Service Officers, I decided to apply to the Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Fellowship Program, a U.S. State Department program that provides funding for graduate students who want to pursue a career in the U.S. Foreign Service. I ultimately chose SIPA as a Rangel fellow because of the heavy emphasis on quantitative skills and its international focus. Why did you choose your particular areas of study? After engaging in SIPA coursework and thinking about my career in the Foreign Service, I decided on the ISP concentration. I really like the ISP courses and think the material is relevant to my future work. My interest in Latin America grew out of my focus on East Asia as an undergraduate and research I conducted on the socioeconomic implications of Asian business in Latin America. I really enjoyed the research and thought specializing in Latin America would complement my East Asian focus. Specializing in Conflict Resolution happened accidentally. While looking at my course matrix, I realized that two classes in which I was interested (Negotiation and International Conflict Resolution) were part of the Conflict Resolution specialization. I’ve grown to really enjoy the area and now appreciate the importance of an institutional “soft power” type of perspective. What has been your experience at SIPA thus far? As a Rangel fellow, I am committed to serving a minimum of five years in the Foreign Service after graduating from SIPA. Since I don’t need to stress over internships and my job search, I’ve focused that energy on the SIPA community. I’ve done a lot of extracurricular activities and try very hard to support other SIPA students and their organizations. I was elected as one of SIPASA’s social chairs and find it very important to represent SIPASA at events. During my second semester, I was tapped to be on the SIPA Follies board, and I’m now their Executive Director, something I’m very happy to do since it gives me the opportunity to use my artistic side to the betterment of the SIPA community. How has SIPA affected you? SIPA has affected how I relate to people. Knowing that my classmates trust me enough to vote for me as their social chair, attending their events, and simply getting to know each and every one of them has made me a more confident, well-rounded individual. Every single one of my peers has an inspiring story to tell. It’s these people and their appreciation for what I do that has made me realize my potential. In many ways, they’ve helped prepare me for my career as a Foreign Service Officer. My peers and the positive relationships I’ve created as a naturalized American helped me in deciding to choose Public Diplomacy as my State Department career track. It’s where I can serve the U.S. best while doing the most good. How have your SIPA professors and instructors impacted your SIPA experience? There are many professors that have made my time at SIPA absolutely amazing. Academically, Richard Nephew has really helped prepare me for my future career. His short courses on Nuclear Concepts and Economic Sanctions are the perfect balance of theory and practicality. Other professors include Mayor Michael Nutter, Sarah Holloway, Chris Sabatini, and of course, the entire Econ/Quant team. Is there anything else that you’d like to add? I never realized how many doors a SIPA education could open until I did my State Department internship in The Netherlands. I met many SIPA alumni in the service as well as in many parts of Dutch society from banking, to government, and even the arts. It definitely allowed me to experience things I would not have gotten the chance to experience otherwise and created an immediate rapport that was immensely valuable on both a professional and personal level. Meeting all of these alumni and seeing the great work they’ve done in their communities demonstrates that Seeples go on to do amazing things.

Chaos Is A Modern Science That Changed The Way Scientists...

Chaos is a modern science that has changed the way scientists look to the world. It studies the behaviour of nonlinear systems according to their initial state. We can see chaotic behaviour almost everywhere. As an example, rising of cigarette smoke behaviour seems smooth at the beginning then suddenly it breaks into wild swirls. A flag moves back and forth in a chaotic way, a dripping faucet goes from a steady pattern to a random one. Chaos appears in the behaviour of the weather, the behaviour of world economics, and the behaviour of fluid turbulence. Despite the environment of the system, the behaviour follows the same newly discovered laws. The realization of chaos theory has begun to change the way we think about the future [1]. The chaos term introduced in the field of dynamics while studying the behaviour of nonlinear system that is essentially depends on its initial condition. Strogatz in his book defined the term Chaos as a periodic long-term behaviour in a deterministic system that exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions [2]. Logistic equation is an example of one dimensional attractor. In order for us to study complicated phenomena we have to understand higher order attractor functions. Henon attractor is an example of two-dimensional attractor. It was introduced by a theoretical astronomer Michel Henon while he was studying stars movement in space [2]. On the other hand, Lorenz system is three-dimensional system published in the Journal ofShow MoreRelatedDiseases and Medicinal Treatments of the Tang Dynasty in Ancient China616 Words   |  3 Pages Diseases and their treatments changed and shaped the modern world. 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Referring to the infiltration of archaic ideals handed down since ancient times has always been a spreadable disease that challenges the modern views of the times† (Herbert, 105).Read MoreSchools of Management3130 Words   |  13 Pagespiece-rate style of payment for the workforce (this meant that the workers received an amount of money per piece that they produced, thereby linking their pay to their productivity). Taylor also worked very closely with Henry Ford in developing the world s first moving production-line for the model T Ford car. This method of management paid close attention to time and motion studies, where each worker is timed when performing a task, and then this provides the basis for the worker s level

The Seneca Oil Company - 2052 Words

In 1859 Edwin Drake and E. B. Bowditch of the Seneca Oil Company drilled the first commercial oil well in the United States in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The well produces about 500 gallons of oil a day and over time has increased. Soon, similar wells all over western Pennsylvania were providing crude oil for kerosene production that was needed to fuel the nation s streetlights and house lamps. â€Å"The lighter boiling component, gasoline, was discarded, since it had no market. There are historical reports that waste gasoline, which had been dumped into rivers, sometimes caught fire. In 1892 the first gasoline-powered engines, for both car and tractor, were developed: This soon provided a market for the once useless substance, gasoline†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦But the key fact that’s missing from all the ranting and raving is the rate of inflation. â€Å"The simple definition of inflation according to Dictionary.com is: â€Å"A rise in the general level of price s of goods and services in an economy over a period of time†. At the end of World War I, average annual income was only $1,500. Currently, annual income is around $50,000† (Samuel R. Avro 2015). Gas prices in 1917 were $0.17 and fell dramatically over the next few years due to the process of inflation and stock market crashes. In 1931 as nominal prices fell from 30 cents a gallon in 1920 to 17 cents in 1931. In 11 years prices fell 43%. But we have to remember that 1931 was the beginning of the â€Å"Great Depression† and overall prices fell 24% during the same period. More interesting than that, gas prices due to inflation were actually cheaper in January 2015 than they were in the Great Depression. Although the Great Depression left many in debt, foreclosure and struggling from day to day, gas was still one of the most prominent things purchased. Buses, fairies, and taxis gained more publicity but gas still took over. The demand for more vehicles caused the demand for more gasoline. There was a need for new and more unique fuels to go along with the new kinds of vehicles being made at the time. In the 20th century, vehicles that were being accessed by people required some but not many fuels that caused the need for petroleum to be used as a raw material.

Eating Disorders (the Black Swan) Free Essays

The main character Nina Sayers has a sever eating disorder. In her attempts to be the perfect ballerina, she is both anorexic and bulimic. She does not eat anything and if she does she later throws it up. We will write a custom essay sample on Eating Disorders (the Black Swan) or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, for breakfast she was forced to eat a grapefruit but is later shown in the bathroom throwing it up. When she gets the part in the play she worked so hard for, her mother buys a cake in celebration – only to be put to waste since Nina refuses to eat it. In the movie, she provides an example of what can happen when an eating disorder completely takes over. She becomes so pleased with the positive feelings she feels when she looks at herself in the mirror, that she only tries to love her image more. This habit begins a downward spiral into eating less and less. In The Black Swan, Nina is portrayed as the best dancer of her company. Until some competition, Lily arrives and Nina views her as a huge threat. This causes Nina extreme stress and she develops the idea that Lily is out to get her and take her position as best dancer. Since extreme starvation of the body leads to cognitive distortions, threats are commonly amplified. Nina feels extremely threated and like her spot as best dancer is at risk. She then feels even more of a need to have the perfect body and to be a perfect dancer. Since she does not eat enough, her brain and body do not receive appropriate amounts of nutrients. The lack of nutrients puts her in a state of high stress and her brain does not think clearly or logically. It distorts her surroundings giving her a warped image of herself when looking in the mirror. She sees herself as much larger than she actually is. She compares herself to everything and everyone around her. Not only does her eating disorder hurt her mentally but also it physically affects other parts of her body. When feeling the urge to eat, she claws at her skin on her back where it can be covered by clothes. Nina’s fingers are also covered with bandages to conceal her skin she carelessly peals away. The thought of becoming a perfect ballerina literally begins to kill her. Although Nina never sought help, there are plenty of ways she could have. Cognitive-behavioral therapy or group therapy would both have been very helpful for her situation. Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on current behavior rather than childhood or past experiences. The therapists typically address ways their patients should change the way they think and behave, assign homework, and offer strategies of how to change them for the better. Group therapy also would have been an effective way to treat Nina’s eating disorder. If she went to group therapy and saw that other people were going through the same thing as her and got better, it would have encouraged her that she could do the same. How to cite Eating Disorders (the Black Swan), Essay examples

Ethics of Human Resource Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the ethics of Human resource management. Answer: Human Resource Management can be considered the most effective and easy people Management concept that is utilised across various different kinds of organisational scenarios. However it has to be mentioned that there is a significant difference between core human resource management and people management. According to the authors traditional people management only focuses on organising and controlling employees from an administrative point of view. However in case of human resource management the employees are often treated as a resource rather than being actual people (Berman et al. 2012). That is the reason the ethics and morality of human resource management in the organisational scenario has been researched and criticized many times. One of the most sought after school of thought regarding the ethics of human resource management has been provided by the Kantian research. This essay will attempt to explore the Kantian imperatives of human resource management and whether human reso urce management could ever treat employees as end in themselves instead of a tool or resource. In order to correlate the construct of ethics and morality with human resource management, the core ideology and principles of human resource management and its contribution and importance and organizational scenario has to be understood. Strategic human resource management (SRHM) is a very important component of organizational structure. The primary contribution of SHRM on the organizational scenario is providing and ensuring skilled, committed, and inspired workforce that facilitates sustainable competitive advantage to the organization. Strategic human resource management (SRHM) relies on resource base theories and frameworks that emphasizes investment in each of the employees equivalent to the profitability value that a company can achieve by facilitating a strategic fit between the human resources and the opportunities they can provide to the company (BoltonandHoulihan 2007). Elaborating on the origin and development of SRHM, it can be mentioned that there are two theoretical principles based on which SRHM functions. One reflects a contingency approach between employee motivation and employee engagement with desired performance outcomes. On a more elaborative note, this process of strategic human resource management is targeted at improving in controlling employee behavior in engagement to achieve optimal performance outcomes and profitability for the company. Known as the Hard SHRM strategy, it uses contextual variables in order to arrive at the best way to manage people only to achieve the organizational goals (Bowie 2017). On the other hand the soft approach focuses on high commission high-performance strategy to people management. Hence it can be mentioned that in contrast the soft HRM techniques facilities of psychological link between organization and employee engagement in order to achieve the desired goals, whereas the hard technique involved no p sychological attachment for the employees. Overall, the employees or human resource to be precise, are treated as tools or machinery by the company where the optimal benefits are excised based on different strategic approaches (Boxall and Purcell 2017). Basic principle of SHRM, there are many substantial benefits which makes SHRM the most important components of organisational structure and operational management. First and foremost it has to be mentioned that SHRM has a direct link with effective business planning and effective human resource deployment based on expertise and experience. According to the authors Human Resource Management anticipates individual employee performance outcomes and relates it with the long term goals and strategies of the organisation. SHRM also has significant role in the cost benefit analysis and planning of an organisation in terms of employment, training, and remuneration cost imbalance management. Lastly, a suitable SHRM technique also helps in maintaining and enhancing the market demand and reputation providing the organization with a competitive advantage. Therefore, HRM is an essential element of the business process management, although maintaining the humanitarian ethics in the organizational scenario often is very difficult in the cut throat corporate world (Gotsis and Kortezi 2010). According to the ideology of Immanuel Kant, humans or humanity should be treated as ends in themselves rather than being treated a means to an end. For instance, his ideology is based on the fundamental principle that people are not just a tool or resource to be used and exploited by the organizations rather they are ends in themselves. Now it has been mentioned that the ethical stand to the construct of human resource management has been researched and evaluated time and time again in research. The morality of ethics of Human Resource Management can be effectively correlated with the Kantian view (Bowie 2017). Elaborating more on the Kantian view any individual can only be considered ethical when that particular individual and his actions can be justified by preserving moral worth. The fundamental element of Kantian ethics is based on the difference between categorical and hypothetical need or necessity, only in the case that the person utilizes logical unreasonable path to address that need. Along with that, the author has also mentioned that for any categorical imperative to be considered ethical, moral commands must be involved in the decision making as well (Greenwood 2013). Extending the principles of Kantian ethics to human resource management, it can be mentioned that in terms of reversibility and universality, any action that is thought to be accurate for one particular individual will have similar effects in case of all other individuals. In this regard it can be argued that even human resource management needs to treat all individuals equally in order to maintain optimal ethics and morality of the construct. Moreover, the Kantian ethics when correlated with strategic Human Resource Management, indicates the use of a deontological view to the entire scenario. According to Kantian principles, the human resource management should also consider the people as the ends themselves, a part of the goal rather than treating them as only objects in path of achieving the goal. Therefore it can be mentioned that the Kantian point view of human resource management directs SHRM to be compassionate and supportive of employee rights and benefits along withorganizat ional profitability and goals. Along with that the human resource management, in terms of Kantian ethics, should optimize their strategies ensuring the greater good if the employees as well along with the organizational profit, and in order to enhance profitability or minimize, the employee rights and welfare must not be compromised on any manner (Jack, Greenwood and Schapper 2012). Despite the Kantian ethics being correlated with human resource management in research studies, there are no effective results being reflected in the strategic human resource management scenarios of different organizational sectors. In the present corporate scenario the employees are still treated as a tool or resource that provides the means for the company to attain the organizational goals. The severity with which the employees are treated as resource that is utilized in order to attend specific ends depends on their hierarchical position in the organization. The lower ranks are often the most exploited resources in most of the organizations and their welfare is the most neglected in the present day scenario. Now there are many contributing factors that can be discussed here as restricting the human resource management from developing a particular morale. First and foremost, organizational culture and corporate stereotype needs to be mentioned. It must not be ignored that the enti re construct of human resource management or administrative operational management is focused on the sole prospect of increasing profitability and market demand of the organization and facilitating smooth the business process management. That is the reason that strategies that are employed in both human resource management and operational management scenario in most of the organizations are only concerned with the processes and practices that will aid to the enhanced profitability and productivity, regardless of the impact on the employees (Jiang et al. 2012). On the other hand it also has to be mentioned that there are many moral conflicts that an HR manager needs to face in the organizational scenario which makes the path of following ethical and moral integrity very difficult. According to the article by Pinnington, MacklinandCampbell (2007), maintaining justice and impartiality in the organizational decision making can be very difficult in the face of more than one decision makers. It is also supported by the fact that the organizational decision making or HR policy implementation is not always in the hands of the human resource management, there are many other stakeholders that are involved with the process. Now the question remains whether HR management is powerless while maintaining morality and justice in the organization. Despite the human resource management not being the sole purpose of justice in an organization the influence of the human resource management on the business processes is also significant. With honest effort and dedication towards safeguarding the best interest of the employee along with it into the organizational performance and productivity can enhance the morality of HR and construct (Patrick Neumann and Dul 2010). The present age of technological revolution in globalization and with all the changes that are operating in the organizational sector treating the employees just as a resource is a highly flawed perception. It has to be mentioned that organizations can obtain profits only on the basis of the performance and hard work that the employees invest and hence they also deserve to be valued by the company. The human resource management can be the first step in safeguarding the employee rights and abiding the contracts or promises can actually implement lawful and justified fairness in the work culture of organizations. Hence despite being difficult treating the employees as ends in themselves instead of means to an end is not impossible for human resource management with effort and will. References: Berman, E.M., Bowman, J.S., West, J.P. and Van Wart, M.R., 2012.Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Bolton, S.C,andHoulihan.H,(2007).Searching for the human in human resource management.NewYork:Macmillan,availablefrom:https://books.google.co.in/books?id=V_AcBQAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=Searching+for+the+human+in+HRM:+theory,+practice+and+workplace+contextshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwidoa2y9qTZAhXKLY8KHYkzALUQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepageq=Searching%20for%20the%20human%20in%20HRM%3A%20theory%2C%20practice%20and%20workplace%20contextsf=false.[accessed on] 15th February, 2018. Bowie, N.E., 2017.Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Cambridge University Press. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J., 2011.Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. Gotsis, G.N. and Kortezi, Z., 2010. Ethical considerations in organizational politics: Expanding the perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,93(4), pp.497-517. Greenwood, M., 2013. Ethical analyses of HRM: A review and research agenda.Journal of Business Ethics,114(2), pp.355-366. Jack, G., Greenwood, M. and Schapper, J., 2012. Frontiers, intersections and engagements of ethics and HRM.Journal of business ethics,111(1), pp.1-12. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. Kalshoven, K. and Boon, C.T., 2012. Ethical leadership, employee well-being, and helping: The moderating role of human resource management.Journal of Personnel Psychology,11(1), p.60. Koonmee, K., Singhapakdi, A., Virakul, B. and Lee, D.J., 2010. Ethics institutionalization, quality of work life, and employee job-related outcomes: A survey of human resource managers in Thailand.Journal of business research,63(1), pp.20-26. Patrick Neumann, W. and Dul, J., 2010. Human factors: spanning the gap between OM and HRM.International journal of operations production management,30(9), pp.923-950. Pinnington,A,,Macklin,R.,andCampbell,T.,2007.Human resource management: ethics and employment.Oxford University Press,pp. 260-270.available from: https://www.hrpa.ca/Documents/Designations/Job-Ready-Program/Human-Resource-Management-Ethics-and-Employment.pdf.[accessed on] 15th February, 201

Expanding Circle - Definition and Examples

Expanding Circle s The expanding circle is made up of countries in which English has no special administrative status but is recognized as a lingua franca and is widely studied as a foreign language. Countries in the expanding circle include China, Denmark, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, and Sweden, among many others. According to linguist Diane Davies, recent research suggests that some countries in the Expanding Circle have . . . begun to develop distinctive ways of using English, with the result that the language has an increasingly important functional range in these countries and is also a marker of identity in some contexts (Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction, Routledge, 2013). The expanding circle is one of the three concentric circles of World English described by linguist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). The labels inner, outer, and expanding circles represent the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition, and the functional allocation of the English language in diverse cultural contexts. Although these labels are imprecise and in some ways misleading, many scholars would agree with Paul Bruthiaux that they offer a useful  shorthand  for classifying contexts of English world-wide   (Squaring the Circles in the International Journal of Applied Linguistics,  2003). Examples and Observations The spread of English in the Expanding Circle is largely a result of foreign language learning within the country. As in the Outer Circle, the range of proficiency in the language among the population is broad, with some having native-like fluency and others having only minimal familiarity with English. However, in the Expanding Circle, unlike the Outer Circle, there is no local model of English since the language does not have official status and, in Kachrus (1992) terms, has not become institutionalized with locally developed standards of use.(Sandra Lee McKay, Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2002)Expanding Circle English and Lingua Franca English- Despite the all-pervasive use of English throughout what many like to term the international community and despite countless anecdotes about emerging varieties such as Euro-English, professional linguists have so far shown only limited interest in describing lingua franca English as a legitimate language variety. The received wisdom seems to be that only when English is a majority first language or an official additional language does it warrant description. . . . Expanding Circle English is not deemed worthy of such attention: users of English who have learned the language as a foreign language are expected to conform to Inner Circle norms, even if using English constitutes an important part of their lived experience and personal identity. No right to rotten English for them, then. Quite the contrary: for Expanding Circle consumption, the main effort remains, as it has always been, to describe English as it is used among the British and American native speakers and then to distribute (Widdowson 1997: 139) the resulting descriptions to those who speak English in nonnative contexts around the world.(Barbara Seidlhofer and Jennifer Jenkins, English as a Lingua Franca and the Politics of Property. The Politics of English as a World Language, ed. by Christian Mair. Rodopi, 2003)- I argue . . . that a lingua franca model is the most sensible model in those common and varied contexts where the learners major reason for [studying] English is to communicate with other non-native speakers. . . . [U]ntil we are able to provide teachers and learners with adequate descriptions of lingua franca models, teachers and learners will have to continue to rely on either native-speaker or nativized models. We have seen how a native-speaker model, while appropriate for a minority of teachers and learners, is inappropriate for the majority for a range of linguistic, cultural and political reasons. A nativized model may be appropriate in Outer and in certain Expanding Circle countries, but this model also carries the disadvantage of cultural inappropriacy when learners require English as a lingua franca to communicate with other non-native speakers.(Andy Kirkpatrick, Which Model of English: Native-Speaker, Nativized, or Lingua Franca? English i n the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, ed. by Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. Continuum, 2006) Also Known As: extending circle

Mujahideen (Definition)

Mujahideen (Definition) Definition: A mujahid is one who strives or struggles on behalf of Islam; mujahideen is the plural of the same word. The word mujahid is an Arabic participle drawn from the same root as the Arabic word jihad, to strive or struggle. The term is most frequently used in reference to the self named Afghan mujahideen, the guerrilla fighters who battled the Soviet army from 1979 – 1989, when the Soviets withdrew in defeat. The Soviets invaded in December, 1979 in order to provide support a recently installed pro-Soviet prime minister, Babrak Karmal. The mujahideen were fighters from the mountainous areas of the largely rural country, and also maintained bases in Pakistan. They were entirely independent of the government. Mujahideen fought under the command of tribal leaders, who also headed Islamist political parties, which ranged from radical to moderate. The mujahideen received arms by way of Pakistan and Iran, both of which share a border. They made use of an arsenal of guerrilla tactics to thwart the Soviets, such as laying ambushes or blowing up gas pipelines between the two countries. They were estimated to be about 90,000 strong in the mid-1980s. The Afghan mujahideen were not seeking to wage an aggressive jihad beyond national boundaries, but were rather fighting a nationalist war against an occupier. The language of Islam helped unify a population that was- and still isotherwise very heterogonous: Afghans have many tribal, ethnic and linguistic differences. After the war ended in 1989, these different factions returned to their previous divisiveness and fought each other, until the Taliban established rule in 1991. These unorganized guerrilla warriors were viewed as outlaws by their Soviet enemy and as freedom fighters by the Reagan Administration in the U.S., which supported the enemy of its enemy, the Soviet Union. Alternate Spellings: mujahedeen, mujahedin

Modern Leadership Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Modern Leadership Principles - Essay Example These goals indeed lead the organization to the successful heights that it had every dreamt of achieving. In the process of accomplishing these tasks, there are many obstacles that need to be addressed. The environment, under which the organization puts forth its work, plays a critical role. These goals can be achieved by executing the tasks. For successful execution of these tasks, we need to have a guideline and organizations prefer to have these goals assigned as tasks to specific personnel. These personnel are the one's responsible to lead the team/group of people in successful completion of their duties. There are various definitions to describe the characteristic features of leadership. John Maxwell sums up his definition of leadership as "leadership is influence - nothing more, nothing less. This moves beyond the position defining the leader, to looking at the ability of the leader to influence others - both those who would consider themselves followers, and those outside that circle. Indirectly, it also builds in leadership character, since without maintaining integrity and trustworthiness, the capability to influence will disappear (Teal.org, nd). An organization always looks forward to have experienced personnel as well as the personnel who exhibit leadership skills to take up important tasks to benefit the entire organization. Leadership quality is the most sort after characteristic that the organizations seek in the personnel. Leadership requires the personnel to guide the entire team/group to attain the goals. As an individual has their own point of view regarding the critical issues, it is very important to gain a certain level of understanding amongst various individuals. There might be various situations where in certain amount of conflicts arise due to individual point of view. Importance of leadership Leadership is a characteristic that has engulfed all the organizations in recent times. As there is a transfer of cultures, technology update and many more challenges coming up there are a huge number of tasks that need to be accomplished every moment at the right time. To accomplish these tasks at the right time, there has to be proper management as there are numerous tasks to be accomplished. These management issues are always achieved by a certain motive. This particular characteristic of the motive is known as Leadership (Justin Sturek, 2005). A quality that helps in executing the tasks and then achieving the assigned goals can be defined as Leadership. Leadership is a characteristic of knowing oneself, the capabilities and the potential of working things out when required to attain a particular state of action. It is about having a vision about the goals to be accomplished. The vision of accomplishing the tasks at a particular level of success is very essential to guide the team members in the right direction. Leadership also involves the primary feature of building trust among the colleagues. All these have to be attained by taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential. The quality of leadership in organizations can be defined in a different manner. It is usually defined as the characteristic

Marketing Cmmunications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Cmmunications Plan - Essay Example We are suggesting a few ideas in the form of our marketing communication plan which are as follows: we would put up posters everywhere and hand out leaflets containing our telephone number and web address and also advertise on the TV and on internet, we would try to promote our website, giving links to it on famous websites such as www.yahoo.com and www.msn.com and others. People with houses and businesses around the areas that would be affected by the London 2012 Olympics are no doubt not in complete darkness and probably do have a hint of what business opportunities might come their way when Olympics comes to their neighborhood but once people have established their firms and businesses, getting them to conform according to the need of the times can be at times a tedious but worthwhile task to undertake. Hence we felt that there is a dire need to put a promotional plan into action to persuade people to gear up for the games. One problem we face is that people might perceive these p rofit opportunities to be of a short-term nature, most businesses are of the opinion that these opportunities would arise during the games and would go away when the Olympics is over and leaves town, so changing the whole nature of their operations to be perfect for the business needs of few days is an idea not very appealing to both the small scale as well as the extremely well developed businesses, especially the well developed ones. People are comfortable making minor alterations but when it comes to total restructuring people are quite iffy over it. ... are no doubt not in complete darkness and probably do have a hint of what business opportunities might come their way when Olympics comes to their neighborhood but once people have established their firms and businesses, getting them to conform according to the need of the times can be at times a tedious but worthwhile task to undertake. Hence we felt that there is a dire need to put a promotional plan into action to persuade people to gear up for the games. One problem we face is that people might perceive these profit opportunities to be of a short-term nature, most businesses are of the opinion that these opportunities would arise during the games and would go away when the Olympics is over and leaves town, so changing the whole nature of their operations to be perfect for the business needs of few days is an idea not very appealing to both the small scale as well as the extremely well developed businesses, especially the well developed ones. People are comfortable making minor alterations but when it comes to total restructuring people are quite iffy over it. So we feel that there is a need to project the fact that firstly the event doesn't merely bring short-term benefits but rather an opportunity to form ties and long term contacts, it provides them with the opportunity of projecting their business and companies all over the world, a chance to represent them selves and secondly even if you consider only the massive short-term sale, only for the

Observing a mathematics lesson

Observing a mathematics lesson Introduction: The world in which we live is mathematical. In our everyday activities we need mathematics for instance; there is need in everyone for mathematical thinking as well as problem solving in the workplace, at home, when in a shopping spree, etc. In a world of such kind, you notice that those who comprehend and can operate mathematics will have immense opportunities that others lack. In fact, mathematical proficiency opens avenues to productive prospects. Conversely, lack of mathematical competency closes those doors. Usually, learners have varied abilities, interests and more fundamentally, needs. Yet each learner requires mathematics in his or her individual life, be it at home, in the workplace, and even in further study. All learners deserve a chance to appreciate the power and splendor of mathematics. Students should learn a new collection of mathematics nitty-gritty as well as higher level critical-thinking handiness which are critical to problem solving. These permits them to work out fluently, interpret and to unravel puzzles innovatively and resourcefully. The objectives of this lesson is to enable instructors establish suitable strategies employable in problem solving and appropriate forms of mathematical assessment and further the correlation between problem solving and learners achievement. In the lesson, the standards in mathematics with regard puzzle solving are also looked at, as well as problem solving and assessment in an inclusive setting. In the lesson, several standards put down by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) were addressed. The NCTM declares that students need to develop a range of strategies for solving problems, such as using diagrams, looking for patterns, or trying special values or cases (NCTM, 2000, p. 7). These teaching strategies allow learners to comprehend with ease abstract mathematical concepts and make these concepts realistic to learners perception. According to Hanson et al (2001), if all learners are going to gain knowledge of these strategies, then these strategies should be imbedded in and most importantly be taught across the curriculum. Beside strategies standards, NCTM also establishes the standards for mathematics assessment to help in enhancing learning of mathematics and modeling and shaping teacher instruction. As a result, learners need to use assessments as a part of the reflecting process and work together in partnership with the teachers to determine the direct ion of learning in mathematics (Hanson et al, 2001). The teacher did discriminate instruction within a diverse classroom into mainly high achievers and the low performing learners. In this case, the teacher exposed low achievers to basic skills with limited exposure to operate higher-level problem-solving skills which were left for the higher performers (Grouws Cebulla, 2000). These low performing learners according to Grouws Cebulla, (2000) need to be exposed to more challenging curricula which provide first hand experience. For instance, rather than handing learners a worksheet, a more interesting puzzle might relate to an investigation of classmates involving the kinds of pets they have. From that basis, the class could create graphs depicting data, find partial comparisons (introduction to ratios and probability) and percents. Technology was not used in the instruction of the math lesson. For more effectiveness and probably efficiency, technology can be incorporated into this lesson. For instance, the teacher can make use a graphing calculator. This will offer learners an opportunity to collaborate and discuss the puzzles to establish the solution, as they would in a real world situation. Teaching mathematics needs a lot of reference lists. Teachers habitually have reference lists posted in their classrooms during lessons to which students can make reference when faced with a problem-solving situation. Mathematical problem solving indeed is a multifaceted cognitive activity which involves numerous processes as well as strategies (Montague, n.d.). Stages involving Problem solving are twofold: representation of the problem and problem execution. In the lesson, the teacher used pictures or manipulative objects. Pictures and objects do help make the problems as well as concepts more real and concrete to students as nearly all mathematics concepts are abstract. Modern theories on teaching techniques discourage competition and instead promote collaborative learning. Competition as a teaching strategy demotivates and demoralizes the underperformers. As a teacher, I would reorganize the classroom to accommodate more learner-learner interaction. Placing learners into cooperative learning and problem solving situations will promptly increase the interaction between the high-performing and low-performing students with the target of bridging the learning gap. Moreover, I would employ use of alternative assessments like portfolios and hands-on projects in order to improve strengths and weaknesses of each individual mathematics students. I would also include modifications like slowing the pace of instruction, reducing the process of estimation from problem solving, using flip charts of the involved processes and strategies, and finally teaching from known to unknown, concrete to abstract and from simple to complex. Conclusion: Mathematical problem solving can best be taught by employing cooperative learning technique. Students should be provided with the processes, stages and strategies that make mathematics problem solving simple to learn. Teachers should also consider providing real life mathematics situations to challenge students, and students will begin to appreciate the necessity and essence to be excellent problem solvers. References: Grouws, D. Cebulla, K. (2000). Improving Student Achievement in Mathematics. Geneva, Switzerland: International Academy of Education International Bureau of Education, Educational Practices Series -4. Hanson, et al (2001). Should standard calculators be provided in testing situations? An investigation of performance and preference differences. Applied Measurement in Education, 14(1), 59-72. Montague, M. (n.d.). Math problem solving for middle school students with disabilities. The Access Center. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics.

Social Norms of Income Distribution

During the period between 1929 and 1953, the United States occupational pay ratios and earning inequality is declined, mainly across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps Brown 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The evidence showed that the condition of income inequality was occurrence in that period. Moreover, the problem of income inequality is declined. But, the problem of income inequality is existed. The government cannot spread the income distibution evenly. Many reasons obstructed the income distribution evenly. In my discussion, I concentrate to explain five reasons to influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. Changing in social norms is related to the income distributions. Many people think that women represented a cheaper alternative for employers. Their jobs were viewed as temporary to be abandoned in favor of marriage and a home. High turnover combined with a large pool of replacements in any occupation will tend to depress wages, but it also means there is no incentive to provide career opportunities or invest much effort to train persons for more responsibility. Consequently, women tended to fill the more specialized and lower-paying work, while men moved into the new office manager roles. The fact is that clerical, service, and sales work does not yield significant financial returns to people with more formal education or longer work experience (Bibb & Form, 1977). In large part, this is because most of these are low ceiling careers, lacking in meaningful promotion opportunities for higher paying positions. The jobs have been filled advantageous position by one sex or the other. The point is strongly influencing the income distributions. The point of the unionization is related to the income distributions. Unions have improved wages and benefits, increased job security, and protected workers from discriminatory managerial decisions. Male workers are more likely to be members of trade unions, thus enjoying the advantages of collective bargaining for wages and earning more than women (Flaherty & Caniglia, 1992). Overall, women are about half as likely to be union members as men. Rinehart wrote,  ¡Ã‚ § This accommodation to capitalist power was formalized in what is known as the post  ¡V World War II compromise forged in the midst of the intense class struggles of the 1940s. This settlement between labor, big capital, and the state featured the establishment of a new industrial relations system and stipulated a set of trade  ¡V off. Unions were legally recognized and accorded organizational security. ¡ (P.184) Changing in the education level of the population is related to the income distribution. In the U.S, the financial return to a university or college degree also declined during the 1970s. One explanation of this phenomenon was the substantial increase the proportion of the population going to university, particularly the entry into the labor force of the  ¡Ã‚ § Baby-Boom ¡ generation during the 1970s (Welch 1979). Freeman (1976, 1980) argued that the demand for educated workers also declined, so that not all of the change in relative earnings could be attributed to temporary developments on the supply side. Dooley (1986) concluded that the entry of the large baby ¡Vboom cohort during this period did lower earnings growth for this group, but that this demographic effect could not account for the observed harrowing of earnings differentials by level of education. Dooley ¡s results thus suggest that demand  ¡V side forces may also have played a role. Changing in the age structure of the population is related to the income distribution. The shapes of the earning streams reflect the main key factors which is earnings increase with age but at a decreasing rate. This concave shape reflects the fact that individuals generally continue to make human capital investments in the form of on-the-job training and work experience once they have entered the labor force. This job experience adds more to their productivity and earning s early in their careers due to diminishing returns to experience. However, to the extent that education increases productivity, individuals with the same amount of work experience but more education will earn more, perhaps substantially more. Migration is related to the income distribution. Economic theory predicts that the forces of competition would serve to reduce pure regional wage differentials so that they reflect compensating differences, short-run adjustments, or noncompetitive factors. Those forces of competition were the movement of capital from high- to low-wage areas, and the movement of labor from low- to high-wage areas. Empirical evidence tends to verify the implications of migration as a human capital decision. In a recent study, Osberg, Gordon, and Lin (1994) explore the determinants of interregional and interindustry mobility of individuals in the Maritimes. Using the 1986-87 LMAS, they find that younger individuals and those with higher expected wage gains are more likely to migrate. As well, the process of migration tends to reduce the regional disparities that induce the migration decision. In conclusion, the five reasons are influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. The social norms show that the income inequality is happened between men and women. The unionization shows that the unions have a power to improve the wages and benefits for their members. In this situation, the income inequality is happened between union ¡s members and non-unions members. Although the demand for education workers was declined, education people still earn more than the uneducated people do because they have an expertise knowledge and experience. Migration is benefits for the young individuals. They can have a chance to prove themselves. Therefore, the movement of migration decreases the regional disparities.

Top Examples of Research Paper Outlines Guide!

Top Examples of Research Paper Outlines Guide! Academic writing really needs a particular format. Formatting a research paper is not a simple undertaking. Plagiarism is definitely from the question. It's possible to also describe the range of your research. You don't have to be concerned about privacy. Additionally, among the vital purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the relation between the thesis and every one of the topic sentences. Essays may look very dull sometimes. Completing an MLA outline will guarantee your research paper format is accurate. The MLA format stipulates the vital guidelines for effectively writing an essay based on the MLA standards. Don't forget about valid references and suitable citation according to the necessary paper format. Essay outline for college plays an important function. College students should use a suitable numbering for unique sections. Essay outlines shows you that even if you aren't an expert writer, you are still able to make a great essay. Know how your essay is going to be evaluated. Correct all errors that you could spot and enhance the general caliber of the paper to the best of your ability. Demonstrate the way your input develops and distends the current works. On the flip side, you might write from a worldwide perspective and examine sustainable cities around the world. The maturation of a powerful and independent neighborhood government is accented in Mexico (states are split into free municipality). Why don't you drop in today and let our crew of experts assist you with your research papers. In the event the structure of the chief body has many levels, it is preferable to use different numbering styles. If you take a close look at research paper outline examples, you will observe we have several approaches to present the major body. Construct the human body and the abstract. Bear in mind that the chief goal of the research paper is to clearly show your abilities to work on your own and demonstrate the scope of your knowledge on several different topics. The guide covers its primary elements and gives valuable examples. In order to start outlining the research paper, determine why you're researching the subject. To get started researching local problems, head straight to local newspapers and internet sources. With essay outline, essays will avert writer to get off topic or jumping from 1 argument to a different argument that doesn't relate with what it is you are discussing. Writing research papers is a wearying procedure, and even more so if you don't have a predetermined topic. It is not just merely a compilation of related literature that could support the argument you are trying to raise, the findings you are trying to get, or the question you are trying to answer. Writing a research paper may look as a mission impossible if you've never had th e chance to work on this kind of assignment. Now you know how to begin your research paper, you're probably thinking about how to keep going. After reading the thesis, there ought to be no doubt precisely what the research will be about. To compose a great research proposal on local government, it would be helpful to get familiar with free examples research paper topics on the matter. For this reason, you might have to look for good topics for high school research papers on the internet.

Gay Marriage Should Be Legalized - 938 Words

Gay marriage is in fact a controversial topic that many people feel strongly about. I believe that gay marriage should be legalized without being penalized by people who disagree with it. I will, within reason, explain to you why gay marriage should be legalized and argue against Karlee’s essay about why gay marriage shouldn’t be legalized. The first thing Karlee talks about in her opposing essay is, â€Å"Children of same-sex couples, biological or not, need both a mother and a father in their life.† In an article on Sciencedaily.com, Do Children Need Both A Mother and A Father? it mentions that, â€Å"...there is almost no social science research to support this claim.† Another great point it includes is, â€Å"...the researchers found no evidence of gender-biased parenting abilities†¦ noting that very little about the gender of the parent has significance for children’s psychological adjustment and social success.† As said in the article, children with same-sex parents â€Å"do as well on average as children raised..:† by opposite gender parents. Another thing I will point out in Karlee’s paper is the statement she mentioned, â€Å"Those children will hunger for a mother like figure and a father-like figure.† Although that may be true, if one were to a sk a kid, would you trade your parents? Their immediate reaction would be normal because no matter the gender, parents are parents. Children will love their parents, they’ve been there for them through everything, no matter what.Show MoreRelatedShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?1313 Words   |  6 PagesCredit – Should gay marriage be legalized? Marriage is considered to be the rite of passage from an religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before the eyes of God. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate. However, over the past few years gay individuals made a decision to our grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriagesRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?935 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a lot of controversy about gay marriage and whether or not it should be legalized in certain states that haven t yet legalized it. My opinion on this topic is that it should not be legalized for various reasons. My reasons on this have nothing to do with religion because religion shouldn’t have anything to do with their opinion; religion is a biased opinion because of its authenticity. Another thing that shouldn’t be considered is their opinio n that doesn’t have a reasoning behind it likeRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?1705 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Option 1 Gay marriage has and still is a huge controversy in the United States. I will say though that the U.S. has come along way when it comes to same-sex marriage. As of November 20, 2014 gay marriage is now legal in thirty-five of the fifty U.S. states. Massachusetts was the first state to legalize same-sex marriage in May of two thousand and four. As of October ninth two-thousand and fourteen, only sixteen out of one hundred and ninety-four countries allow same sex marriage. By those oddsRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legalized1379 Words   |  6 PagesName: Tutor: Course: Date: Gay Marriages Marriage is considered as hypothetically speaking, a rite of passage whilst from the religious point of view, it is considered as holy matrimony before a supreme being. Attraction between individuals of the same sex has been a topic of debate since time immemorial. However, over the past few years gay individuals have opted to air grievances of oppression despite receiving tremendous critics from the public. Initially, gay marriages were unfathomable eventsRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized? Essay1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction What does it mean to be gay and why does society discriminate against those who are deemed to be gay? This paper establishes that being gay is primarily based on the supposition that one is either homosexual, transgender, lesbian, or bisexual. 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Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Should same sex marriages be legal? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Same-sex marriages have been very controversial since becoming an issue in Canada regarding the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Several people state that same-sex marriages should be legal, while others disagree, saying it should not be permitted. There have been many debates and inquiries about this issue for several years; the MP’s and Parliament will finally settle the problem within the next year or so. Many are in favourRead More Gay Marriage Should be Legalized Essays1696 Words   |  7 Pages There are numerous opinions and standing views on gay marriage. The argument regarding gay marriage should be legalized or not is extremely controversial. According to an article from the Human Rights Campaign, there is nothing wrong with allowing homosexuals to have the same rights as those who are heterosexual. Every individual person should be granted equal rights, regardless of sexuality. Gay marriage should be legalized in all states and coun tries, it has been held off for too long. MoreoverRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized?727 Words   |  3 Pages Everyone, regardless of gender orientation or sexual preference deserves equal rights, such as marriage, feeling comfortable with whom they are, and being treated like any other human being. Right now gay marriage is a hot topic in many states, however, what say should the government get in who you love and want to marry? Beyond a court room, research has been done on the idea of transgenderism and what causes people to be like that or if people are truly born in the wrong bodyRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legalized? Essay464 Words   |  2 PagesMarriage is defined as the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life. In the definition it says couple, with out indication of gender. In our society gay marriage is a hot topic. Previously legalizing gay marriage was out of the question, but as times has changed and more liberal politicians have gained office to reflect th e views of today’s society. One of the reasons that LGBT people fight for the right to marry because married couples receive more protections and advantages in